The rim appears eroded in multiple sections Bottom Left: Conceptual model of a lake with a rampart and rim (not to scale).Ĭassini observations of Titan have revealed ~650 polar lakes and seas. Top Left: Zoom into the raised rim portion of the lake perimeter, denoted by the white box in the right image. Yellow arrows denote portions of the raised rim. Cyan arrows denote portions of the perimeter of the rampart feature, a SAR-bright apron that encloses nearly the entire lake. To answer that question, the researchers reverse-engineered a primordial protein and inserted it into a living bacterium, where it successfully powered the cell’s metabolism, growth and reproduction, according to the study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Credit: Ian Campbell, Rice UniversityĪ Rutgers-led study sheds light on one of the most enduring mysteries of science: How did metabolism – the process by which life powers itself by converting energy from food into movement and growth – begin? The ferredoxins in modern bacteria, plant and animal cells are all derived from that simple ancestor.
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As cells evolved, ferredoxins mutated into more complex forms. The earliest cells incorporated these elements into small peptides, which became the first and simplest ferredoxins – proteins that shuttle electrons within the cell, to support metabolism. Life may have arisen near hydrothermal vents rich in iron and sulfur. Rutgers Researchers Identify the Origins of Metabolism.